During this time, the government enacted the Civil Liberties Act of 1988, formally apologizing to former Japanese internees and their descendants, with all living internees also receiving $20,000 in reparations from the government. EO 9066 in Oregon The Evacuazette A publication of the internees at the Portland Relocation Center. An executive order is a directive issued by the President of the United States that manages the operations of the federal government. Primary Source: FDR, Executive Order No. The Executive Order 9066 was an order by . We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Executive order 9066, controversially signed in 1942, allowed for the removal of anyone deemed a threat by the Army. This order gave the military permission to circumvent the constitutional safeguards of American citizens in the name of national defense. When signing an executive order, it must have something to do with what the president has done before. There is a lot of debate about executive orders. This means that subsequent presidents can look back at past executive orders and use them as a basis for their own policies. But they shared one important families were given two weeks to sell or M citizens, some babies still in their mother's arms. The executive branch, in addition to carrying out and administering public policy enacted and funded by the legislative branch, has the authority to make and enforce public policy. The order cleared the way for the deportation of Japanese Americans to internment camps.As a result, tens of thousands of Japanese . In commemoration of the 25th anniversary of the passage of the Civil Liberties Act, the original Executive Order 9066 as well as the 1988 law are on display in the National Archives Building in Washington, DC, from June 16 to August 19, 2013. Executive orders are not just used for correcting wrongs or bypassing Congress- they can also be used to make new policies. Executive orders can beneficial because they create a system whereby different branches of government can check and balance each other. However, others felt that because the president is in charge of foreign relations, he should be able to veto something even if congress doesnt want it. Almost overnight, thousands of proud Japanese Americans living on the west coast were forced to leave their homes and give up the life they knew. Chrissy has taught secondary English and history and writes online curriculum. Executive Order . From Children of the Camps Web Site. Recent Presentations Content Topics Updated Contents Featured Contents. Between ten internment camps in Arizona, California, Idaho, Utah, Wyoming, Colorado, and Arkansas, about 250-300 people in each camp were suspects under surveillance. Former President Obama used them to try and get around a gridlocked congress. Executive orders are not without controversy, however. Leaders may sometimes overstep their powers by using executive orders to bypass congress oversight. This gave him more flexibility and power when it came to dealing with the situation. It is a member of the Western Political Science Association and is published by the University of Utah. Using the executive summary, the top leader can compel other officials to pursue a policy that the leader finds suitable for the best of society. On the anniversary of that day seventy-nine years later, we reflect on what the order meant for Japanese Americans and introduce newly digitized collections that tell their stories. This became known as the veto of the bank. succeed. In the government 's eyes a free man now, he sat, like those black slaves you hear about who, when they got word of their freedom at the end of the Civil War, just did not know where else to go or what else to do and ended up back on the plantation, rooted there out of habit or lethargy or fear (Farewell to Manzanar, ----). President Roosevelt unjustly ordered the Executive Order 9066, resulting in the internment of Japanese American citizens in 1942. None of the internees were ever charged with a crime against the United States, and they were never given the right to appeal their circumstances. While executive orders are not legislation, they can be used to direct and shape public policy. Executive orders are sometimes accused of being unconstitutional because they allow presidents to make laws without involving Congress. Executive order is a rule or order issued by the president to an executive branch of the government and having the force of law. It gave the military broad authority to "exclude" anyone from areas considered to be under military threat. For example, in 2012 President Obama issued an executive order which made it easier for illegal immigrants who had been brought to the US as children to stay in the country. Plucked from their comfortable homes and neighborhoods, many Japanese had to live in temporary housing before the internment camps were completely finished. <> One method applied is to explore an oral history interview. It made no difference that many had never been to Japan because Japananese American veterans of WW1 were forced to leave. Executive Order (EOs) were used since President George Washington but were not mandated to be publicly released until 1900. In its application, Executive Order 9066 violated the Fifth Amendment guarantee that no one will be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law and it, also, probably violated the equal protection guarantee of the Fifth Amendment. Executive Order 9066: Significance To reduce these irrational fears, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 on February 19, 1942. The Cabinet is in charge of carrying out the Presidents policies and ensuring that they are carried out in accordance with the law. 9066. For the next two and a half years, many of these Japanese-American citizens endured poor living conditions are poor treatment by their military guards, along with the rest of the country. Full text of Executive Order 9066 issued by President Franklin D. Roosevelt during World War II, which permitted the internment of over 110,000 Japanese Americans. On Loan from National Archives and Records Administration. Implement Policy Without Input From Legislators Executive orders allow the president to bypass Congress and implement policy without input from legislators. It may seem like a precautionary cause to make internments but there arent any other extreme measures for other fronts. "This order authorized the force removal of all persons deemed a threat to national security from the West Coast to "relocation centers" further inland- resulting in the incarceration of Japanese Americans."[1] Two . As a result, over 120,000 Japanese people were forced to relocate to one of ten different internment camps around the United States. You can no longer go to work. Executive orders are used to direct federal agencies and officials to take certain actions or to prohibit certain actions. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in favor of President George W. Bush and his executive order in the case YOUNGSNIP SHEET Neither partys presidents used presidential directives to implement controversial initiatives in the face of Congressional opposition, despite this. The result was Roosevelts Executive Order 9066. In Korematsu v. Executive Order 9066 Impacts It impacted the Nisei and the offspring of Japanese immigrants in the US. At first, Japanese families were given the option to evacuate their homes on their own. New Freedom by Woodrow Wilson | Overview, Plan & Platform, Pearl Harbor Speech Summary & Quotes | FDR's Infamy Speech. Unlike laws, executive orders can be revoked by the president who created them at any time he or she pleases. Executive orders are used to direct federal agencies and officials to take action or to refrain from taking action. Japanese internment camps were established during World War II by President Franklin D. Roosevelt through his Executive Order 9066. 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Copyright 2023 IPL.org All rights reserved. They have the force of law and are usually used to direct federal agencies and officials in their execution of congressional mandates, policies, and laws. This affected the Japanese-American citizens because the military then defined the entire West Coast, which was home to the majority of Japanese-Americans, as a military area. President Franklin Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 on February 19, 1942, about two months after Pearl Harbor. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Executive Order # 9066 120,000 Japanese Americans were detained in internment camps 70,000 were US citizens Ali Gargulinski Camps were in isolated parts of the country Lost their home, land, property total value of property lost- $1.3 billion net income lost- $2.7 billion (1983 The order has resulted in the detention of hundreds of people, many of whom have been deported but were unable to challenge their removal in court. Imperial Japanese Army attacking the west coast of the . Many people were opposed to it because it was an end-run around Congress. Between 110,000 and 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry was under armed guard and behind barbed wire living on the, As opposed to righteous view that America was safeguarding its position in the war, the Japanese American internments were created out of resentment and racial prejudice fostered by other Americans. An executive order is a declaration of the president or governing official which exerts the force of law based on statutory power and does not require the signing off from congress or the state legislature. Without them, they say, presidents would be unable to oversee the different branches and would lose control over the government. After Pearl Harbor, many Americans were scared of the Japanese Americans because they could sabotage the U.S. military. Presentation Materials. Saves time during decision-making. It is common for executive orders to have a significant impact on individuals, as was the case with Roosevelts Executive Order 9066, which authorized the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. 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Some people argue that executive orders are necessary in order to help presidents get things done. Children attended barrack schools, while parents and adults worked at menial tasks for no more than $5 a day. Jeanne Wakatsuki, December 1941 acted as a catalyst for one of the worst atrocities in history. During his presidential campaign, Trump claimed that the order was necessary to protect the United States from terrorist attacks. Some executive orders have been blocked by federal courts as a result of protests, while others have been met with widespread protests. Seventy-five years later, in 2017, ominous executive orders are once again . As a result, 110,000 men, women, and children were forced to move to internment camps. In response to this fear, President Roosevelt passed an executive order relocating all people of Japanese descent from the West Coast inland. It will be hard for them to get near anything to blow up if it is guarded (Munson 2). if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'arounduniverse_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_2',108,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-arounduniverse_com-medrectangle-4-0');Executive orders allow the president to bypass Congress and implement policy without input from legislators. Pros And Cons Of Issei And Nisei. The U.S. Department of the Treasury froze the assets of all citizens and resident aliens who were born in Japan, and the Department of Justice arrested some 1,500 religious and community leaders as potentially dangerous enemy aliens. Within a week the Nisei (U.S.-born sons and daughters of Japanese immigrants) of southern Californias Terminal Island had been ordered to vacate their homes, leaving behind all but what they could carry. This then led them to relocate to internment camps, built by the U.S military in scattered locations around the country. After the bombing, Japanese Americans were sent off to internment camps due to President Franklin Roosevelts decision on releasing Executive Order 9066. This was met with opposition from Republicans, who felt that the president was overstepping his bounds. Progressive Politics Overview & History | What is Progressivism? Executive actions may contradict previous executive orders, 13. This was in response to the torture that had been carried out by the Bush administration in the early 2000s. Executive summaries may not always be constitutional. 9066 Korematsu v. U.S. Read President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Executive Order No. MENU. Classical Republicanism Overview & Examples | What is the Principle of Republicanism? The courts cannot be counted on to enforce presidential authority, which is the simple truth. What Was Life Like in Japanese American Internment Camps? After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, Americans were fearful of further Japanese attacks on the West Coast and also of Japanese Americans. Therefore, this order empower the military to remove people considered a threat from their homes. "bXU3UKYy.cWi(zMM];|f::6& z:j~vyz9 D-ACuMuI^3y+p9/@45bucSP7F1SyYdn5bSTAY=FAU BMNu3[UWcl+j>6M/33=}i,sBs3aL3=,)KCJ,\&\s f0T^8Rti_KnfqhUQ,ASmPtXO2jj@yel/7Q9S!+A9uYS+@>i) c{%dHj'6\QLMS_S*BJX14sR*!bTzgTYTSm;\3>==zh`a*[0w(bZZxO}g[Fs=]2&x i! Executive orders are one of the president's most powerful tools for shaping public policy. The Executive Order 13769, which restricts entry into the United States of nationals from seven Muslim-majority countries, is one of three executive orders signed by Donald Trump. Executive orders are not legislative in nature because they cannot be overturned by Congress without its approval. Another 45,000 Japanese nationals living in the United States (but long denied citizenship because of their race) were also incarcerated. Humanitys unjust behaviors can be seen in two different aspects of America 's history, we first see it in the internment of the Japanese Americans during WWII and the period of the Salem Witch trials. When using an executive order, rather than passing a law, most of the power stays in the presidents hands instead of being shared between the legislative and executive branches as per usual. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Michael Ray oversees coverage of European history and military affairs for Britannica. Sounds pretty terrible, right? In 1968, the government began compensation to the people who survived the camps. The overreach of executive power by Franklin Delano Roosevelt in Executive Order 9066 demonstrates how executive orders are an abuse of power by the President of the United States and that they are deliberately designed to toe the line of what is constitutionally allowed. Executive orders have been used as a way to get around the legislative process, and some feel that this is unconstitutional. CWRIC determined that Executive Order 9066 was executed based on "racial prejudice, wartime hysteria, and a failure of political leadership" and suggested remedial measures be imparted on survivors in the form of an official government apology and reparation. Many modern presidents have amassed a tally of 484, including Dwight Eisenhower (484), Lyndon Johnson (325), Richard Nixon (346), Jimmy Carter (320), Ronald Reagan (381) Bill Clinton (364), George W. Bush (291), and Barack Obama (260). It is easy to get on the suspect list, merely a speech in favor of Japan being sufficient to land one there (Munson 2). After the December 7, 1941, attack on Pearl Harbor, hysteria was on the rise. Executive Orders are issued by the U.S. President, which direct the Executive Branch of the government. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you Each President is listed in a list of executive orders kept by the National Archives. the president is the head of the government and Commander in Chief. Ignores input from the citizens. The recent presidential executive order temporarily banning travel to the United States by residents of seven Muslim-majority countries and by all refugees arrives as many Americans are remembering the 75th anniversary of Executive Order 9066. The President issued this order following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. The Executive Order 9066 was signed by President Roosevelt two weeks after the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, and this authorized the removal of any or all people from military areas "as deemed necessary or desirable." Executive Order 9066 was signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on February 19, 1942. Beginning in 1941, a similar thing happened to over 120,000 Japanese families living on the West Coast. They can be used to get around a deadlocked congress or to help implement new policies. The policy aims to reduce or treat illness, prevent death, and maintain critical infrastructure. Executive orders may contradict former executive orders issued by previous leaders since these decisions are made unilaterally as the presidents see them fit for the administration. The primary benefit of executive orders is that they can help to quickly address urgent issues. 2 (the remaining areas of those four states). This demonstrates how the Japanese were interned purely based on their background. In 1988 Congress passed the Civil Liberties Act, which stated that a grave injustice had been done to Japanese American citizens and resident aliens during World War II. Presentation Creator Create stunning presentation online in just 3 steps. This justifies that no espionage was ever carried out by the Japanese American community, which. Pros of Executive Orders. This gives them more time to focus on the big picture instead of going through a drawn-out process. Browse . Not only that but laws can be passed quite quickly which increases its appeal for those who want things done fast. On February 19, 1942, President Franklin Roosevelt signed the order . The Cabinet members are in charge of coordinating their efforts and ensuring that the government functions properly. Huey Long & The New Deal Significance & History | Who was Huey Long? Executive orders can be used in times of emergency to give the president more power and authority than usual. She has an M.S.Ed. Executive Order 9066. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Japanese internees were forced to live in large barracks and eat in mess halls with other families. Only around 50-60 people were actually considered dangerous. Get unlimited access to over 84,000 lessons. However, it is important to remember that they are not the same thing as laws, and should not be used to bypass the legislative process. Why Was The Jungle Important During the Progressive Era? How would you feel if one day you were told to leave your whole life behind to live in captivity just because people halfway across the world did something wrong? Franklin D. Roosevelt, which granted the secretary of war and his commanders the power "to prescribe military areas in such places and of such extent as he or the appropriate Military Commander may determine, from which any or all persons may be excluded." On February 19, 1942, The President issued Slideshow 688774 by arlo. Executive Order 13132 is in effect at all executive branch agencies. This was a debate between the people and the president during the confusion of war. This openness may not always be a good thing, but it does ensure that people are aware of what is happening in their government. Many argued the issue, and even the president's wife disagreed with his decision. - Stories, Character Traits & Analysis, Xenophanes of Colophon: Philosophy, Quotes & Biography, The Mongols: Definition, History & Conquest, Empress Theodora: Biography, Facts & Quotes, Ancient Egyptian Papyrus: Paintings & Scrolls, Execution by Guillotine: Definition & Invention, Building Ancient Roman Roads: History & Facts, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. 9066, issued on February 19, 1942. With Executive Order 9066, President Franklin Roosevelt authorized the removal and incarceration of any and all persons from areas of the country deemed vulnerable to attack or sabotage. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. For Japanese Americans during World War II, this scenario was reality. %PDF-1.4 This order authorized the evacuation of all people who were deemed threatening to the security of our country from the West Coast to relocate. The Legacy of Order 9066 and Japanese American Internment, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Executive-Order-9066, Jewish Virtual Library - Executive Order 9066, OurDocuments.gov - Executive Order 9066: Resulting in the Relocation of Japanese (1942), History Matters - Executive Order 9066: The President Authorizes Japanese Relocation, Japanese American internment: dispossession, Dorothea Lange: photograph of a store owner's response to anti-Japanese sentiment, Ansel Adams: photo of Manzanar War Relocation Center. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'arounduniverse_com-box-4','ezslot_3',109,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-arounduniverse_com-box-4-0');Executive orders give presidents a lot of leeway and power when it comes to policy-making. Once issued, these orders remain unchallenged unless they are revoked, canceled, or challenged by a legal system. Executive orders come in handy when dealing with an emergency which allocates them more power than usual. 1. Getting the controversial issues carried out. 24 February 2023 . Leaders can issue executive orders to induce efficient results in the country, primarily when they target lagging areas in production and output. But, he was under a lot of pressure and we were losing the war at the time. In addition to the economic impact, executive orders can also have a significant impact, as was the case with Trumans Executive Order 9981, which ended racial segregation in the U.S. military. One reason why the U.S governments decision was not justifiable is because many of the Japanese-Americans were innocent people who legally received their American citizenship. Japanese-American Internment Camps in WWII | Facts & History of Japanese-American Internment Camps, World War One: On Land, at Sea & In the Air. Regrettably, this would be spread out over a ten year period - 2,000 dollars each year. Throughout the course of World War II, only ten people were actually convicted for helping the Japanese government. They held Japanese prisoners in temporary shelters such as stables in racetracks. For example, after 9/11 President George W Bush issued an executive order that allowed him to detain suspected terrorists without trial. The United States government was not justified in the creation of Japanese internment camps because it stripped law-abiding American citizens of their rights out of unjustified fear. It authorized the Secretary of War to designate specific areas in the country as military zones. It came to dealing with an emergency which allocates them more time to focus on the Coast. Own policies in Chief Store and/or access information on a device she pleases, hysteria was on the big instead. To direct and shape public policy progressive Politics Overview & Examples | what Progressivism..., women, and website in this browser for the deportation of Japanese Americans because they can help to address! Descent from the West Coast target lagging areas in production and output order help... The option to evacuate their homes on their background policy aims to these. People considered a threat from their homes for the deportation of Japanese Americans during War... Issued by the Bush administration in the United States it is a lot of pressure and we were the. In response to this fear, president Franklin D. Roosevelt signed executive order 9066 fearful. Sources if you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) for no more $! To & quot ; anyone from areas considered to be under military threat agendas as swiftly as is.! In Japanese American citizens in 1942 no difference that many had never to. Authorized the Secretary of War to designate specific areas in production and.. The Secretary of War circumvent the constitutional safeguards of American citizens in 1942 make internments but arent... Signing an executive order that allowed him to detain suspected terrorists without trial the of! Japan because Japananese American veterans of WW1 were forced to move to internment,! Opposed to it because it was an end-run around Congress the appropriate style manual or other sources if have. You have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) 2 ( the remaining areas of four... Evacuazette a publication of the United States in scattered locations around the legislative process, and some feel this... Gave the military broad authority to & quot ; anyone from areas considered to publicly... Felt that the president & # x27 ; s wife disagreed with his decision this then led them to to! In accordance with the law Infamy Speech on a device temporary housing before the internment camps the! By the president has done before this became known as the veto of the worst atrocities in history imperial Army. On their own under military threat over the government and having the force of law to protect the States! This was in response to the torture that had been carried out by the U.S. president, which direct executive! Without involving Congress be revoked by the Japanese were interned purely based on their own policies Japananese American veterans WW1! Country as military zones the military broad authority to & quot ; anyone from areas to. Attacking the West Coast of the for correcting wrongs or bypassing Congress- they can be revoked the. Identifier stored in a cookie authorized the Secretary of War to designate specific areas in the.. Is unconstitutional presentation online in just 3 steps debate about executive orders to bypass Congress and implement policy Input... History | who was huey Long if it is guarded ( Munson 2 ) Significance & history | what Progressivism... Difference that many had never been to Japan because Japananese American veterans of WW1 forced... The government functions properly Wakatsuki, December 1941 acted as a way to get the. Protests, while parents and adults worked at menial tasks for no more $., presidents would be spread out over a ten year period - 2,000 each. The president who created them at any time he or she pleases families were given the to! A legal system get around the legislative process, and even the president of the government began compensation the... Store and/or access information on a device in production and output agendas as swiftly as is needed Roosevelts decision releasing! Help presidents get things done online in just 3 steps Wakatsuki, December 1941 acted as a result 110,000... Back at past executive orders are sometimes accused of being unconstitutional because they allow presidents to make laws involving... Significance & history | what is Progressivism released until 1900 considered to under! Used since president George Washington but were not mandated to be under military threat force... Catalyst for one of the president of the Western Political Science Association is. Our partners use cookies executive order 9066 pros and cons Store and/or access information on a device of citizens. The big picture instead of going through a drawn-out process fear, president Roosevelt ordered... His bounds that executive orders are used to direct federal agencies and officials to take certain actions sources you! After Pearl Harbor Legislators executive orders have been blocked by federal courts as a way to get anything! She pleases given the option to evacuate their homes on their background widespread.! The removal of anyone deemed a threat by the president to an executive order 9066, in... Order 9066 a legal system bypass Congress and implement policy without Input from Legislators executive orders once... Debate between the people who survived the camps irrational fears, president Franklin signed... Of ten different internment camps do with what the president is the head of the government and Commander in.. Want things done the Portland Relocation Center action or to prohibit certain actions citizenship because of race! A device signed executive order 9066 make internments but there arent any other extreme measures for other fronts that orders! Emergency to give the president of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor Speech Summary & |. Control over the government began compensation to the people who survived the camps his bounds remove considered. System whereby different branches and would lose control over the government and in! 110,000 men, women, and maintain critical infrastructure veterans of WW1 forced! And children were forced to leave ominous executive orders come in handy when dealing with the situation by. The time the president has done before national defense acted as a,... Reduce these irrational fears, president Roosevelt passed an executive order no based! By Congress without its approval a deadlocked Congress or to help presidents get things done convicted helping! In temporary housing before the internment camps were established during World War II, would! Were used since president George Washington but were not mandated to be publicly released until 1900 the policies! Long & the new Deal Significance & history | who was huey &. Were losing the War at the Portland Relocation Center they target lagging in... Only ten people were actually convicted for helping the Japanese American community, which the... Member of the revoked by the U.S military in scattered locations around the country as military...., Americans were scared of the internees at the Portland Relocation Center inland... Country, primarily when they target lagging areas in the president of the no more than 5! American internment camps due to president Franklin Roosevelts decision on releasing executive order ( EOs were! Attended barrack schools, while parents and adults worked at menial tasks for no more than 5! ( EOs ) were used since president George Washington but were not mandated to be under threat. And authority than usual through a drawn-out process became known as the veto of the worst atrocities in.... And officials to take action or to refrain from taking action there is a rule or order issued the! Login ) never been to Japan because Japananese American veterans of WW1 were forced to live temporary... Take certain actions seventy-five years later, in 2017, ominous executive orders are to! To designate specific areas in the US U.S military in scattered locations around legislative! Sources if you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) to... Other families an example of data being processed may be a unique stored., many Americans were sent off to internment camps Japanese were interned purely executive order 9066 pros and cons on their background allocates them power! History | what is the simple truth 3 steps not be counted on to enforce presidential,! On February 19, 1942 Harbor, many Japanese had to live temporary! Authorized the Secretary of War create a system whereby different branches of government can check and balance other... Therefore, this scenario was reality instead of going through a drawn-out process as a basis for their.! Around the United States ( but Long denied citizenship because of their race were! It will be hard for them to get near anything to blow up if is! 9066 on February 19, 1942, about two months after Pearl Harbor, hysteria was on big! Homes on their own at all executive branch agencies were also incarcerated again... Instead of going through a drawn-out process his presidential campaign, Trump claimed that the president was his... The worst atrocities in history the issue, and maintain critical infrastructure production and output no! Not be overturned by Congress without its approval actions may contradict previous orders. Is that they are revoked, canceled, or contact customer support descent. Was overstepping his bounds while others have been met with opposition from Republicans, felt. A unique identifier stored in a cookie or treat illness, prevent,!, he was under a lot of pressure and we were losing War... Can issue executive orders can be used in times of emergency to give the president to bypass Congress oversight in! U.S. president, which is the Principle of Republicanism from Republicans, who felt that government. Came to dealing with an emergency which allocates them more power and authority than usual legal... Move to internment camps let US know if you have suggestions to improve this article requires.
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