"use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. About 90 participants in the Montgomery Bus Boycott, including King, were indicted under a law forbidding conspiracy to obstruct the operation of a business. On January 20, 2009, Barack Obama was inaugurated as the 44th president of the United States; he is the first African American to hold that office. Black Power was a form of both self-definition and self-defense for African Americans; it called on them to stop looking to the institutions of white Americawhich were believed to be inherently racistand act for themselves, by themselves, to seize the gains they desired, including better jobs, housing and education. Two people were killed and close to 200 injured in the ensuing chaos, which ended only after President Kennedys administration sent some 31,000 troops to restore order. . Some cowhands dreamed of setting aside enough money to start a herd of their own. Birmingham had become a leading focus of the civil rights movement by the spring of 1963 when Martin Luther King Jr. was arrested there while leading supporters of his Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in a nonviolent campaign of demonstrations against segregation. regulating railroad rates to help farmers. After the heady rush of the civil rights movements first years, anger and frustration was increasing among many African Americans, who saw clearly that true equalitysocial, economic and politicalstill eluded them. Which of the following contributed most to the trend shown on the chart? More than 20,000 women and men in the ILGWU walked off their jobs in 1909. read more, Black History Month honors the contributions of African Americans to U.S. history. Which innovation does the photograph illustrate? The laws gave African Americans land for farms. Lakota leaders such as Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse rejected the reservation system. The two men confessed to kidnapping Till but were acquitted of murder charges by an all-white, all-male jury after barely an hour of deliberations. The Emancipation Proclamation prohibited slavery and recognized that African Americans should enjoy constitutional freedom like other Americans. The quotation supports Morgan's practice of. a new treaty agreement that relocated the Plains Indians to reservations in Oklahoma. In February, an Alabama state trooper shot a young African American demonstrator in nearby Marion, and the SCLC announced a massive protest march from Selma to the state capital in Montgomery. After the end of slavery, African Americans could move and find new work What factor most likely caused a decline in Grange membership? New methods were found to prevent African Americans from voting. At the time, interracial marriage was illegal in Virginia and the newly-wed couple was guilty of breaking the law. Which change led to the end of open ranching in the west? Which of the following can best be inferred from looking at this map? Though many protesters were arrested for trespassing, disorderly conduct or disturbing the peace, their actions made an immediate impact, forcing Woolworthsamong other establishmentsto change their segregationist policies. -Terence Powderly, President of the Knights of Labor Charismatic and eloquent, Malcolm X soon became an influential leader of the NOI, which combined Islam with Black nationalism and sought to encourage disadvantaged young Black people searching for confidence in segregated America. A.The gettysburg Adress Based on the account of Mrs. Berger, the transcontinental railroads.. Why would it be important for railroads to use strong management techniques? President John F. Kennedy first used the phrase in 1961, in an executive order calling on the federal government to hire more African Americans. There on the sidewalk ______the photographers. C - yes Bound for New Orleans, the freedom riders were attacked by angry segregationists outside of Anniston, Alabama, and one bus was even firebombed. . Despite Martin Luther King Jr.s inspiring words at the Lincoln Memorial during the historic March on Washington in August 1963, violence against Black people in the segregated South continued to indicate the strength of white resistance to the ideals of justice and racial harmony King espoused. D.sad King, called off the boycott on December 20, and Rosa Parksknown as the mother of the civil rights movementwould be one of the first to ride the newly desegregated buses. With the passing of the 13th, A. African Americans tend to be underrepresented in special education programs. I had decided that I would have to know once and for all what rights I had as a human being and a citizen.. They increased the personal freedoms of enslaved African Americans B. How did western farmers try to improve their conditions when they fell on hard times in the late 1800s? Between 1860 and 1890, the miles of railroad track interlacing the U.S. increased ninefoldfrom 30,000 miles to 270,000 miles, and the population leapt from 31,000,000 to over 76,000,000 people. While its original mission was to protect Black people from white brutality by sending patrol groups into Black neighborhoods, the Panthers soon developed into a Marxist group that promoted Black Power by urging African Americans to arm themselves and demand full employment, decent housing and control over their own communities. D. Many labored under unsafe conditions. The church bombing was the third in 11 days after the federal government had ordered the integration of Alabamas school system. C. D. In the same time period, the number of Black people serving in Congress increased from six to about 40. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, this frustration fueled the rise of the Black Power movement. Many Black people looked to Booker T. Washington, the author of the bestselling Up From Slavery (1900), as an inspiration. READ MORE: How a New Deal Housing Program Enforced Segregation. When I ran for the Congress, when I ran for president, I met more discrimination as a woman than for being Black. Garvey appealed to the racial pride of African Americans, exalting blackness as strong and beautiful. Dozens of other players in the NFL and beyond followed suit. I was wrong about 5. (She starred in both.) In 1900, garment workers organized the International Ladies' Garment Workers Union (ILGWU). She notably promoted the work of Black female writers, forming a film company to produce movies based on novels like The Color Purple, by Alice Walker, and Beloved, by Nobel Prize winner Toni Morrison. What caused many boomtowns to turn into ghost towns? The case went to the Supreme Court, where Chief Justice Roger B. Taney and the majority eventually ruled that Scott was an enslaved person and not a citizen, and thus had no legal rights to sue. Building rail lines created thousands of jobs. After a few weeks, employers met union demands for better pay and shorter hours. King, who was on probation for robbery and had been drinking, led them on a high-speed chase, and by the time the patrolmen caught up to his car, several officers of the Los Angeles Police Department were on the scene. In October 1967, an all-white jury found seven of the defendants guilty and acquitted the other nine. Cities in the East and West increased in population. They were established as a step toward legal freedoms for African Americans C. They increased an owner's control over their enslaved. No one knows where they areperhaps freezing to death. B. They kept the cattle moving and rounded up strays. (b) Why is the formation and movement of the mud especially strange? After nine years in the Air Force, Meredith had studied at the allBlack Jackson State College and applied repeatedly to Ole Miss with no success. While supporters of slavery pointed to the Turner rebellion as evidence that Black people were inherently inferior barbarians requiring an institution such as slavery to discipline them, the increased repression of southern Black people would strengthen antislavery feeling in the North through the 1860s and intensify the regional tensions building toward civil war. Which economic practice helps motivate companies to keep prices low and improve product quality? "I Will Fight No More Forever": Chief Joseph Rosa Parks sitting in front of a bus in Montgomery, Alabama, after the Supreme Court ruled segregation illegal on the city bus system on December 21st, 1956. Chauvin was filmed kneeling on Floyds neck for more than eight minutes. D. The laws required that, The laws allowed African Americans to be arrested unfairly. They laid tracks, built trestles across rivers, carved tunnels through mountains, and built countless railroad stations. Men are men., READ MORE: 'Unbought and Unbossed': Why Shirley Chisholm Ran for President. Browns men, including several Black people, captured and held the arsenal until federal and state governments sent troops and were able to overpower them. In July 1948, President Harry S. Truman finally integrated the U.S. Armed Forces under an executive order mandating that there shall be equality of treatment and opportunity for all persons in the armed services without regard to race, color, religion or national origin., READ MORE: Why Harry Truman Ended Segregation in the US Military in 1948. The Little Rock Nine forming a study group after being prevented from entering Little Rock's Central High School. After an unsuccessful appeal to the League of Nations to settle a colony in Africa and failed negotiations with Liberia, Garvey announced the formation of the Empire of Africa in 1921, with himself as provisional president. After the Civil War, veterans of the Confederate Army made up the majority of the cowhands who worked in Texas. Bush. In this excerpt, Terence Powderly is trying to separate the Knights of Labor from the actions of anarchists in, In the text, you read this about the International Ladies' Garment Workers Union: The ILGWU became a key member of the AFL. The laws required that, A. Blues singer Bessie Smith, pianist Jelly Roll Morton, bandleader Louis Armstrong, composer Duke Ellington, dancer Josephine Baker and actor Paul Robeson were among the leading entertainment talents of the Harlem Renaissance, while Paul Laurence Dunbar, James Weldon Johnson, Claude McKay, Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston were some of its most eloquent writers. How is Judith Templeton depicted? Between 1860 and 1890, the miles of railroad track interlacing the U.S. increased ninefoldfrom 30,000 miles to 270,000 miles, and the population leapt from 31,000,000 to over 76,000,000 . Though the Union victory in the Civil War gave some 4 million enslaved people their freedom, significant challenges awaited during the Reconstruction period. Why might recent events have led to many African Americans working for ranchers? The little children are freezing to death. Custer found Sitting Bull encamped [based] on the Little Bighorn River in Montana. (a) What does the mud look like when Amparo first sees it, and how does it change by the end of the story? . D.the give me liberty or death speech Some 186,000 Black soldiers would join the Union Army by the time the war ended in 1865, and 38,000 lost their lives. These hard workers rode alongside the huge herds in good and bad weather. C? (1 point) A) During the Civil War, many African Americans went west to work on railroads. Which factor further reduced future opportunities for children at work before 1910? Instead of waiting for Terry, the lieutenant colonel chose to wage an immediate attack. Giving American Indians land that would be useful for farming. How did the use of horses change the way American Indians hunted? At 2 a.m. on July 11, 1958, Mildred Jeter was lying next to her husband Richard Loving, when police began knocking on their door, demanding to know about the nature of their relationship. . On May 17, 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court delivered its verdict in Brown v. Board of Education, ruling unanimously that racial segregation in public schools violated the 14th Amendments mandate of equal protection of the laws of the U.S. Constitution to any person within its jurisdiction. Which idea does this passage express? Free at last! What event in the history of the West in the late 1800s prompted Chief Joseph to give this speech? What was the primary goal of the Dawes Act? Adding that detail would reveal something about her. A - no. As Reconstruction drew to a close and the forces of white supremacy regained control from carpetbaggers (northerners who moved South) and freed Black people, Southern state legislatures began enacting the first segregation laws, known as the Jim Crow laws. What factor best accounts for the price change in the Model T automobile? Groups of Lakota left reservations after the banning of the Ghost Dance, and soldiers killed many of them at Wounded Knee. At the end of World War II, African Americans were poised to make far-reaching demands to end racism. The railroads provided jobs for settlers. 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. D. The laws required that. As racial prejudice was so ingrained in white civilization, Garvey claimed, it was futile for Black people to appeal to white peoples sense of justice and democratic principles. A series of deaths of Black Americans at the hands of police officers continued to spark outrage and protests, including Eric Garner in New York City, Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri, Tamir Rice in Cleveland Ohio and Freddie Gray in Baltimore, Maryland. By asserting that the equal protection clause was not violated as long as reasonably equal conditions were provided to both groups, the Court established the separate but equal doctrine that would thereafter be used for assessing the constitutionality of racial segregation laws. B. What social trend caused the demand for beef to rise immediately following the Civil War? The hashtag #BlackLivesMatter first appeared on Twitter on July 13, 2013, and spread widely as high-profile cases involving the deaths of Black civilians provoked renewed outrage. On December 1, 1955, an African American woman named Rosa Parks was riding a city bus in Montgomery, Alabama when the driver told her to give up her seat to a white man. During the Civil War, many African Americans went west to work on railroads. Mildred and Richard Loving were one of the first interracial couples legally married in the United States and their union marked a pivotal moment in marriage rights for mixed-race families. On February 23, 25-year-old Ahmaud Arbery was killed while out on a run after being followed by three white men in a pickup truck. Based on this text, why might tensions have broken out between Sitting Bull and the United States government? Most were subject to special taxes. Why might recent events have led to many African Americans working for ranchers? Though President Abraham Lincolns antislavery views were well established, and his election as the nations first Republican president had been the catalyst that pushed the first southern states to secede in late 1860, the Civil War at its outset was not a war to abolish slavery. High out-of-wedlock birth rates, absent fathers, and the lack of a family support network for many young African-Americans have led to serious problems in America's urban areas. Because African Americans made up some 70 percent of the bus companys riders at the time, and the great majority of Montgomerys Black citizens supported the bus boycott, its impact was immediate. What event or characteristic of the Industrial Revolution does this painting illustrate? In the 1920s, the great migration of Black Americans from the rural South to the urban North sparked an African American cultural renaissance that took its name from the New York City neighborhood of Harlem but became a widespread movement in cities throughout the North and West. On February 21, 1965, during a speaking engagement in Harlem, three members of the NOI rushed the stage and shot Malcolm some 15 times at close range. As president of Alabamas Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, Washington urged Black Americans to acquire the kind of industrial or vocational training (such as farming, mechanics and domestic service) that would give them the necessary skills to carve out a niche for themselves in the U.S. economy. Many labored under unsafe conditions. Floyd had been accused of using a counterfeit $20 bill at a local deli in Minneapolis. Their only hope, according to him, was to flee America and return to Africa to build a country of their own. She claimed she never expected to win the nomination. After the Civil War, veterans of the Confederate Army made up the majority of the cowhands who worked in Texas. One of the most influential individuals in entertainment and the first Black female billionaire, Winfrey is also an active philanthropist, giving generously to Black South Africans and to the historically Black Morehouse College, among other causes. The laws allowed African Americans to be arrested unfairly. Lumberjacks cut down whole forests to supply wood for railroad ties. African Americans and some willing whites went on Freedom Rides around the Deep South. How did Gustavus Swift's introduction of refrigeration to the meat packing industry change food and ranching in the United States? READ MORE:Follow the Freedom Riders' Journey Against Segregation. PBS.org.The Matter of Black Lives. Specifically, it banned literacy tests as a requirement for voting, mandated federal oversight of voter registration in areas where tests had previously been used and gave the U.S. attorney general the duty of challenging the use of poll taxes for state and local elections. During World War II, many African Americans were ready to fight for what President Franklin D. Roosevelt called the Four Freedomsfreedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want and freedom from feareven while they themselves lacked those freedoms at home. Ranching is common in temperate, dry areas, such as the Pampas region of South . Thank God Almighty, we are free at last! Du Bois edited the NAACPs official magazine, The Crisis, from 1910 to 1934, publishing many of the leading voices in African American literature and politics and helping fuel the spread of the Harlem Renaissance in the 1920s. Choose the verb in parentheses that agrees with the subject, and write it in the blank. Preamble to the Platform of the Populist Party Later, SNCC would mount an organized resistance to the Vietnam War. The railroads provided jobs for settlers. He divided his forces into several groups and headed out. Which of the following can best be inferred from looking at this map? His invention of air brakes made railroad travel safer and faster. Despite his success on the field, however, he encountered hostility from both fans and other players. B)opened weapons factories. Parks refused and was arrested for violating the citys racial segregation ordinances, which mandated that Black passengers sit in the back of public buses and give up their seats for white riders if the front seats were full. Sun-dried bricks are called justekst\underline{\phantom{\text{justekst}}}justekst. Du Bois, for one, railed against Van Vechtens novel and criticized works by Black writers, such as McKays novel Home to Harlem, that he saw as reinforcing negative stereotypes of Black people. In 1923, the U.S. government successfully prosecuted and convicted Garvey for mail fraud in connection with selling stock in his Black Star Line shipping company. Which was the main reason for the slow growth of labor unions in the United States during the 19th century? By the early 1970s, the advances of the civil rights movement had combined with the rise of the feminist movement to create an African American womens movement. Kennedy sent federal marshals to escort the riders to Jackson, Mississippi, but images of the bloodshed made the worldwide news, and the freedom rides continued. Milamdragged Till from his great uncles house in the middle of the night. c. White males who, A. -J.P. Morgan At its most basic level, the act gave the federal government more power to protect citizens against discrimination on the basis of race, religion, sex or national origin. -J.P. Morgan Even the poorest can be made to see this, and to agree that great sums gathered by some of their fellow citizens and spent for public purposes, from which the masses reap the principal benefit, are more valuable to them than if scattered among them through the course of many years in trifling amounts. African. Walker, who was the first U.S. woman to become a self-made millionaire; George Washington Carver, who derived nearly 300 products from the peanut; Rosa read more, Womens history is full of trailblazers in the fight for equality in the United States. Draw a line under the subject. Ray later recanted his confession, and despite several inquiries into the matter by the U.S. government, many continued to believe that the speedy trial had been a cover-up for a larger conspiracy. On February 1, 1960, four Black students from the Agricultural and Technical College in Greensboro, North Carolina, sat down at the lunch counter in a local branch of Woolworths and ordered coffee. Over the next nine years, Robinson compiled a .311 batting average and led the Dodgers to six league championships and one World Series victory. And after the war, the racist legacy of slavery would persist, spurring movements of resistance, including the Underground Railroad, the Montgomery Bus Boycott, the Selma to Montgomery March, and the Black Lives Matter movement. Amidst the civil rights movement, ACLU lawyers Bernard S. Cohen and Philip J. Hirschkop decided to take on the couples case. to ensure a complex business ran smoothly. The years immediately following the construction of the transcontinental railroad were years of astounding growth for the United States. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, the success of the long-running sitcom The Cosby Showfeaturing popular comedian Bill Cosby as the doctor patriarch of a close-knit middle-class African American familyhelped redefine the image of Black characters on mainstream American television. Bighorn River in Montana at last church bombing was the third in 11 days after banning. 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